Yolololololololo - 1229 Words

‘Media institutions are essentially profit driven’ Evaluate how commercial pressures have had an impact on the products in your cross media study. Support your answer with reference to a range of examples from three media platforms. In this piece of writing I will evaluate the commercial pressures that are put on films for them to make a profit. My case study involves the texts, Hunger, Shame and 12 Years a Slave. Due to film making becoming more of a business than about the art, companies are not willing to take as many risks as they do not want to lose money investing in an unknown film story when they can easily release a known product that they know will make them money, therefore it is important for independent films to make†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the film had its presence online increased by gaining a 90% rating on the film website Rotten Tomatoes. Finally the biggest E-media factor that contributed to the popularity of ‘Hunger’ was the review aggregator website MetaCritic gave it an average review of 82 out of 100 based on 25 movie reviewers, this is one of the highest rating a film has been given on this website and it no doubt gave the film a lot new viewers because of it. When we look at the broadcasting of the film ‘Shame’ we can see that the film was premiered at the 68th Venice Film Festival and was shown at many other film festivals such as, the New York Film Festival, the London Film Festival and the Vancouver Film Festival, were it gained a lot of free advertising as again this film was highly acclaimed by many reviewers and critics, but mainly the film gained a lot of press from the fact that Michael Fassbender won the best actor award at the Venice Film Festival as well as being nominated for many other awards including a BAFTA and a Golden Globe for Best Actor, this would have given the film more free press through these events being shown on TV and programmes such as the BAFTAs which had 5,340,00

As Mentioned Above, There Have Been Many Lives Lost During

As mentioned above, there have been many lives lost during the civil war that has raged for years in Syria. The estimated casualties in the chemical attack on April 4th are reported to be 131 citizens, 41 of those children (Perez, 2017). Many more people were also affected by the attack that day. There are the countless friends and family members who lost loved ones. There are surely many others who lost homes and other possessions that will be forced to try to find new places to live and support themselves. In a much broader sense, the effects are seen on global society by the reactions of political leaders, press coverage by media outlets, and even individuals whose reactions are displayed on social media. In many ways, events like this†¦show more content†¦Again, these violations of social rights have become acceptable to some degree because they are thought to be necessary to prevent future attacks and ultimately stop those responsible. Many refugees of war are left with no way to provide for themselves or their families and become dependent on the donations and kindness of others. These effects demonstrate how events like the Syrian attack can have far reaching side effects on not only the direct victims, but for society across the globe. The victims of this attack are in need of medical assistance and many other basic needs as a result of this attack. While most people see and recognize this need, the social perception of terrorism and middle eastern countries involvement in these acts affects how people and governments react around the world. The social beliefs and values of cultures in the US and many other countries result in delays and debates in appropriate actions to help the people affected by this tragedy. The result is the continuation of the suffering of the Syrian people and uncertainty about if or when a resolution to this war will come. The analysis of this event brings about a much larger question as well, which is why do acts of wa r like the Syrian chemical attack continue to be issues after centuries of war and the lessons that society has learned from these experiences. Applying theShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of Gettysburg As My Topic1083 Words   |  5 Pagesselected the Battle of Gettysburg as my topic to research. The reason I appointed this event as my subject matter was on the fact that I reside close to Gettysburg, and have heard of some of the events that developed there during the Civil War. Even though I live close to Gettysburg, I haven’t seen the reenactments that occur there or been on the tours Gettysburg offers. Since I would like to take part in a tour along with seeing the reenactments, I figured it would be helpful to gain a broader understandingRead MoreReading: Entertainment and Brain Exercise Essay622 Words   |  3 Pagesin the end. â€Å"Heightened connectivity in other parts of the brain suggested that readers may experience â€Å"embodied semantics,† a process in which brain connectivity during a thought-about action mirrors the connectivity that occurs during the actual action.†(www.theatlantic.com). This study out of Emory University, along with many others, shows that the neuron changes created by reading a book are associated with physical sensation and movement systems in your brain. When reading a word like coffeeRead MoreThe Black s Anatomy, And Acts As A Doctor Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance of black lives and injustices. 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We all associate technology with all things progressive b ut most people do not associate it with negativeRead MoreBlack Political Thought And Activism1358 Words   |  6 Pages1963- 1968 saw a profound shift in black political thought and activism, it is a radical shift for black seeking to fight against racial oppression, establishment of black politic, and the improvement of black economy. Blacks had been through many oppressions from the whites. They were treated as the second class citizens even though they were also American. Those oppressions were mostly formed from the racism matter. With no longer endure to the oppression, a big wave of the black’s political thought

El Sidron Evidence for Neanderthal Cannibalism

El Sidrà ³n is a karst cave located in the Asturias region of northern Spain, where the skeletal remains of a family group of 13 Neanderthals were discovered. Physical evidence found in the cave suggests that 49,000 years ago, this family was murdered and cannibalized by another group, the motive thought to have been the marauding groups survival. The Cave El Sidrà ³ns cave system stretches into the adjacent hillside at a length of approximately 2.5 mi (3.7 km), with a large central hall approximately 650 ft (200 m) long. The part of the cave containing Neanderthal fossils is called the Ossuary Gallery, and it is ~90 ft (28 m) long and 40 ft (12 m) wide. All of the human remains found at the site were recovered within a single deposit, called Stratum III. The Ossuary Gallery (Galerà ­a del Osario in Spanish) is a small lateral gallery, discovered in 1994 by cave explorers, who stumbled across human remains and named it assuming it was a deliberate burial. The bones all lie within an area of about 64.5 sq ft (6 sqm). Preservation of the bones is excellent: the bones show very limited trampling or erosion and no there are large carnivore toothmarks. However, the bones and stone tools in the Ossuary Gallery are not in their original location. Geological analysis of the soils in that area suggests that the bones fell into the cave through a vertical shaft, in a massive water-driven deposit, probably resulting from a flood event after a thunderstorm. Artifacts at El Sidrà ³n Over 400 lithic artifacts have been recovered from the Neanderthal site at El Sidrà ³n, all were made from local sources, mostly chert, silex, and quartzite. Side scrapers, denticulates, a hand axe, and several Levallois points are among the stone tools. These artifacts represent a Mousterian assemblage, and the makers of the lithics were Neanderthals. At least 18 percent of the stone tools can be refitted to two or three silex cores: that suggests that the tools were made at the occupation site where the Neanderthals were killed. There were only 51 fragments of non-human animal remains among the collections. El Sidrà ³n Family The bone assemblage at El Sidrà ³n is almost exclusively Neanderthal human remains, which account for a total of 13 individuals. Individuals identified at El Sidrà ³n include seven adults (three males, four females), three adolescents between 12 and 15 years of age (two males, one female), two juveniles between 5 and 9 years of age (one male, one undetermined sex), and one infant (undetermined). All skeletal elements are present. Dental investigations suggest that the adults were all fairly young at the time of their deaths. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA supports the hypothesis that the 13 individuals represent a family group. Seven of the 13 individuals share the same mtDNA haplotype and three of the four adult females have different mtDNA lineages. The younger juvenile and the infant share mtDNA with one of the adult females, and thus they were likely her children. Thus, the men were all closely related, but the women were from outside the group. That suggests this Neanderthal family practiced a patrilocal residence pattern. Other evidence of close relatedness includes dental anomalies and other physical features which are shared by some of the individuals. Evidence for Cannibalism Although there are no carnivore tooth marks on the bone, the bones are heavily fragmented and show cut marks made by stone tools, indicating that the Neanderthals were almost certainly killed and cannibalized by another Neanderthal group, not by animal scavengers. Cut marks, flaking, percussion pitting, conchoidal scars, and adhering flakes on the bones all provide strong evidence for cannibalism at El Sidrà ³n. The long bones of the people show deep scars; several bones have been cracked open to obtain marrow or brains. The bones of the Neanderthals also indicate that during their entire lives they suffered from nutritional stress, with a diet made up mostly of plants (seeds, nuts, and tubers) and some lesser quantity of meat. These data together lead researchers to believe this family was a victim of survival cannibalism by another group, who may also have been suffering from nutritional stress. Dating El Sidrà ³n The original calibrated AMS dates on three human specimens ranged between 42,000 and 44,000 years ago, with an average calibrated age of 43,179 /-129 cal BP. Amino acid racemization dating of gastropods and human fossils supported that dating. Direct radiocarbon dates on the bones themselves were inconsistent at first, but sources of contamination were identified at the site, and new protocols were established for El Sidrà ³n to avoid re-contamination at the site. Bone fragments recovered using the new protocol were radiocarbon-dated, obtaining a secure date of 48,400 /-3200 RCYBP, or the early part of the geological stage called Marine Isotope 3 (MIS 3), a period which is known to have experienced rapid climate fluctuations. Excavation History at El Sidrà ³n The cave of El Sidrà ³n has been known since the beginning of the 20th century. It was used as a hiding place during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) by republicans hiding from Nationalist troops. The main entrance to the cave was blown up by the Nationalists, but the republicans managed to escape through minor entrances. The archaeological components of El Sidrà ³n were accidentally discovered in 1994, and the cave was intensively excavated between 2000 and 2014 by a team first led by Javier Fortea at the Universidad de Oviedo; after his death in 2009, his colleague Marco de la Rasilla continued the work. Over 2,500 Neanderthal fossil remains were recovered during the excavations, making El Sidrà ³n one of the largest collections of Neanderthal fossils in Europe to date. Although the excavations have ended, additional study of various skeletal elements has and will continue, providing new insight into Neanderthal behaviors and skeletal attributes. Sources Bastir, Markus, et al. The Relevance of the First Ribs of the El Sidrà ³n Site (Asturias, Spain) for the Understanding of the Neandertal Thorax. Journal of Human Evolution 80 (2015): 64–73. Print.Bastir, Markus, et al. Comparative Morphology and Morphometric Assessment of the Neandertal Occipital Remains from the El Sidrà ³n Site (Asturias, Spain: Years 2000–2008). Journal of Human Evolution 58.1 (2010): 68–78. Print.Dean, M. C., et al. Longstanding Dental Pathology in Neandertals from El Sidrà ³n (Asturias, Spain) with a Probable Familial Basis. Journal of Human Evolution 64.6 (2013): 678–86. Print.Estalrrich, Almudena, Sireen El Zaatari, and Antonio Rosas. Dietary Reconstruction of the El Sidrà ³n Neandertal Familial Group  (Spain) in the Context of Other Neandertal and Modern Hunter-Gatherer Groups. A Molar Microwear Texture Analysis. Journal of Human Evolution 104 (2017): 13–22. Print.Estalrrich, Almudena, and Antonio Rosas. Division of La bor by Sex and Age in Neandertals: An Approach through the Study of Activity-Related Dental Wear. Journal of Human Evolution 80 (2015): 51–63. Print.---. Handedness in Neandertals from the El Sidrà ³n (Asturias, Spain): Evidence from Instrumental Striations with Ontogenetic Inferences. PLoS ONE 8.5 (2013): e62797. Print.Kivell, Tracy L., et al. New Neandertal Wrist Bones from El Sidrà ³n, Spain (1994–2009). Journal of Human Evolution 114 (2018): 45–75. Print.Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Antonio Rosas, and Marco de la Rasilla. Palaeogenetic Research at the El Sidrà ³n Neanderthal Site. Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 194.1 (2012): 133–37. Print.Pà ©rez-Criado, Laura, and Antonio Rosas. Evolutionary Anatomy of the Neandertal Ulna and Radius in the Light of the New El Sidrà ³n Sample. Journal of Human Evolution 106 (2017): 38–53. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. Les Nà ©andertaliens D’el Sidrà ³n (Asturies, Espagne). Actualisation Dâ€℠¢un Nouvel Échantillon. LAnthropologie 116.1 (2012): 57–76. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. Identification of Neandertal Individuals in Fragmentary Fossil Assemblages by Means of Tooth Associations: The Case of El Sidrà ³n (Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 12.5 (2013): 279–91. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. Temporal Lobe Sulcal Pattern and the Bony Impressions in the Middle Cranial Fossa: The Case of the El Sidrà ³n (Spain) Neandertal Sample. The Anatomical Record 297.12 (2014): 2331–41. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. A Geometric Morphometrics Comparative Analysis of Neandertal Humeri (Epiphyses-Fused) from the El Sidrà ³n Cave Site (Asturias, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 82 (2015): 51–66. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. The Growth Pattern of Neandertals, Reconstructed from a Juvenile Skeleton from El Sidrà ³n (Spain). Science 357.6357 (2017): 1282–87. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. Adult Neandertal Clavicles from the El Sidrà ³n Site (A sturias, Spain) in the Context of Homo Pectoral Girdle Evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 95 (2016): 55–67. Print.Santamarà ­a, David, et al. The Technological and Typological Behaviour of a Neanderthal Group from El Sidron Cave (Asturias, Spain). Oxford Journal Of Archaeology 29.2 (2010): 119–48. Print.Wood, R. E., et al. A New Date for the Neanderthals from El Sidrà ³n Cave (Asturias, Northern Spain). Archaeometry 55.1 (2013): 148–58. Print.

The Concept Of Organized Business - 1491 Words

The concept of organized business is not as new of a concept as you might think it to be. People have associated themselves with like-minded individuals to achieve common goals for centuries. In fact, organized business can be traced as far back as the 4th and 5th century in the Roman Empire. In spite of being a monarchy, many businesses would be given special license by Caesar to operate as a single entity to carry out tasks essential to the function of Roman society. This type of grouping may not have been classified as a business by today’s standards, but it was structured in a loose concept of what we have today. Guilds of artisans and builders operated in such a manner to perform duties for the government and further societal goals.†¦show more content†¦Storms and dangerous territories caused the loss of many ships in this time period and owners could not be held liable for such natural disasters. In an excerpt from Encyclopedia Britannica, author S. Nicholas Woodward states that the â€Å"the corporate form itself developed in the early Middle Ages with the growth and codification of civil and canon law.† (Woodward, 2015) The specific terms and conditions varied throughout the following centuries, while encompassing input and influence from British law. Much of the modern influence came due to the emerging commerce from the industrial revolution in both England and the United States. The railroad and steel industries take much of the credit for various new businesses that sprang up due to the increased convenience of the transportation of goods. The intended purpose of the corporate blanket was to allow a group of people with common goals, skills, and interests to work together as a single personality or entity. If the company as an entity errs in the manner of liability, the individual pieces are protected under the blanket of a corporate structure. With the increase in commerce and trade between growing nations, the desire for business owners to be protected grew, respectively. According to an article on the website www.llc-reporter.com, â€Å"In 1977, Wyoming became the first American state to enact a true LLC act

How to Stop Drug Trafficking in Our Country Free Essays

The paper is to open people eyes about drug trafficking in our country. Where do you think the drugs are coming in from? Some say from Cuba. Others say from Mexico. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Stop Drug Trafficking in Our Country or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe that the majority of drugs come from Mexico. It is okay to say that we cannot track down where all of the drugs are coming from but we can try to prevent our children, the next generation, from having access to these drugs. I would like to talk about legal drugs that are in our children’s schools. Even if we can stop illegal drugs from entering into our schools, legal drugs can also be use to get high (American Psychological Association (http://www. apa. org/) In the past, there were organizations, mostly in Mexico, that were involved in cultivating marijuana and opium. Over the past decade, however, Mexican drug organizations secured a particular position in drugs like cocaine market that was formerly dominated by Colombian drug lords, and opened the doors for Mexican groups to dominate the drug trafficking market. Not only Mexican, but African Americans, Cubans and other cultures who want to make some extra cash in the drug selling business. In the late 1980s, Mexican traffickers were middlemen for the Colombian cartels. Traffickers would receive shipments of cocaine in northern Mexico, smuggle the drugs across the border, and leave stashes in specified locations where Colombian distributers would retrieve the cocaine and transport it to destinations across the U. S. In 1989, traffickers who were annoyed at delinquent service payments from Colombian suppliers retained shipments of cocaine in extortion until payments were made. During the same year, in a stroke of good fortune for U. S. law enforcement, a massive stockpile of these shipments amounting to over forty thousand pounds of cocaine was discovered in an industrial warehouse in the vicinity of Los Angeles, California. This pivotal event forced the hand of the Colombian drug barons and led to a business arrangement that presently gives the Mexican traffickers as much as half of all the cocaine that they ransport (United Nations activities). In Texas the Mexican traffickers kidnapped people who live on the border line that mean between Mexican and U. S. The drug traffickers look for people who were or are on spring break or vacations in Mexican. They use young foreigners to get the drugs here. According to Sonia Perez, the flood of drugs and money have intensified, first with security crackd owns in the U. S. after the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks and later with Mexico’s assault on organized crime beginning in 2006. (2009). Also according to Ms Perez, authorities mark the worst crime waves with the arrival of the Zetas cartel in Central America in 2008, about the same time Mexican cartels started to pay their collaborators on the ground in drugs instead of cash – creating a boom in local drug sales and violent street crime. (2009) As you can see, this paper is beginning to sound like it is pointing at foreign people smuggling drugs. Although foreigners are trying to survive financially illegally, they do not know where these drugs go to. Some will probably go to the schools to sell to children and teenagers all around the US. In conclusion, it is important to prevent drugs, illegally and legal, from our children to use illegally. Our children are our future and we need to find ways to help our children succeed in life without the use and selling of legal and illegal drugs. In the U. S. children are exposed to illegal drugs by family and a good friend or hanging out with a lot of friends. Some kids start to smoking by age 14 years old they think it cool but not. Kids and teens continue to smoke and some are trying chewing tobacco. Many young people pick up these bad habits in one year. Right now you see a man or woman smoking they started when they were kids. So it’s important to make sure kids understand the dangers of tobacco use. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States, and can cause cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. Chewing tobacco (smokeless or spit tobacco) can lead to nicotine addiction, oral cancer, gum disease, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks. (Kids Health 2011) Teenagers trying drugs in order to fit in. hey are trying real bad to be accepted by their peers. The teen sees drugs being used at a party or among a common group of friend. Teens between the ages of 13 and 17 have tried alcohol. Some teens and young people tried use of cocaine for the first time. Some kids may lead to criminal penalty in addition to possible physical social and psychological harm both strongly depending on local jurisdiction. In conclusion , United States is working with Canada, Mexico and Colombia in the border protection to stop drug from coming in the United States. References Retrieved on April 2, 2011 at www.apa.org Sonia Perez, Associated Press (2009) Retrieved on April 2, 2011 at www.ksat.com/news/27378488/detail.html Parquets search J. Blum retrieved on April 2, 2011 at www.mctinfoservices.com Kids Health Retrieved (1995-2011) at www.kids health.org /parent/positive/positive/talk/smoking.html How to cite How to Stop Drug Trafficking in Our Country, Papers

Sustainability for Rapid Industrialization and Gloablization

Question: Discuss about theSustainability for Rapid Industrialization and Globalization. Answer: Introduction Systems thinking can be defined as an approach to integration that works on the basis of belief that the performance of the component parts of system will significantly differ when they will be separated from the other parts of the system or systems environment (Gharajedaghi, 2011). Systems are viewed in a holistic manner by systems thinking. Set of separate parts that are interrelated with each other for working towards the achievement of common goal is known as system. This essay favors the argument that system thinking is critical in developing solution for sustainability challenges. In this essay, the applicability of systems thinking is discussed in dealing with the problem of household food waste. The problem of household food waste is being faced by both developed and developing countries and is increasing at a rapid pace. Since there is no specific solution to the problem of household food waste, it is considered a wicked problem. Wicked or complex problem situations can be e ffectively addressed with the help of systems thinking. Systems thinking is critical in developing solutions to sustainability challenges The solutions to sustainability challenges can be effectively developed with the help of systems thinking. This is due to the fact that this approach provides a macroscopic view to things (Boardman Sauser, 2008). However, the traditional thinking approach and systems thinking approach are different from each other. The focus of traditional analysis approach is on the subject matter of study. On the other hand, the focus of systems thinking approach is on the inter-relationship between the various constituents of system. With the rapid industrialization and gloablization, several complexities will be faced in the upcoming years. Such comlex problems will be effectively dealt with the help of systems thinking. An essential application of this approach is system test which has three important Parts namely purpose, elements and functions (Xu, L., Marinova Guo, 2015). System thinking focus on the manner in which the constituents of the system interact with one another. Complex problems experienced by the society can be solved due to the nature of system thinking (Arnold Wade, 2015). Sustainability challenges are also known as adaptive challenges due to the fact that procedures and proticols that have already established cannot be applied to such suituations. Moreover, there is no cohesive approach or procedure for dealing with most wicked challeges of sustainability (Hester Adams, 2014). The Problem of Household Food Waste The problem of household food waste is a wicked problem. The data suggests that there is total wastage of 4 million tonnes of food every year in Australia. Out of this, business food wastage is equivalent to 1.38 million tonnes and household food wastage is 2.6 million tonnes. Every year 4 million tonnes of household food is sent by the Australians to landfill. It is $8 billion worth of leftovers, fresh food, long- life and packaged products, takeaways and frozen food. Average household bin consists of food up to 40%. Taking into consideration an average Australian household, it means food of worth $1000 is thrown away each year. Such food is sufficient for feeding an average household for entire month. Moreover, 20% of the food purchased by Australians is discarded. It is equal to 1 bag out of every 5 bags of groceries (Food Wise, 2012). The environment is severely impacted by food wastage. When there is decay of food in the landfill without air, a greenhouse gas called methane is given off which is 25 times more carbon dioxide that emanates out of the exhaust of a car. An estimated 20- 40% of the vegetables and fruits are disallowed before reaching the shop shelves due to the reason of their inability to meet the high cosmetic standards required by the customers and supermarkets (Food Wise, 2012). Food wastage can be classified into three categories: preventable food wastage (food that can be consumed), possibly preventable food wastage (food that can be consumed but is generally not consumed such as pumpkin skin) and unavoidable food wastage (food products that cannot be consumed). Households in Australia throw out sufficient food each year to fill more than 450,000 garbage trucks. The production of food is done by making the use of approximately one- third of the agricultural land of the world that is subsequently not eaten. Resources such as fuel, water and fertilizers utilized for the purpose of growing that food are also therefore wasted. The volume of food wastage needs to be significantly decreased for the purpose of sustaining the limited resources of the world and for securing sufficient food to all humans. The reasons provided by consumers for food wastage include buying in greater quantities, purchasing wrong thing, large packages, broken/ bad package, passing of best before date, etc. Food wastage also occurs due to preparing food in large quantities, preparation of food that do not taste well, non- possibility to save the leftovers, etc. John Frydenberg, the Minister of Environment and Energy, stated that the social, economic and environmental impact of wastage of food means that every single Australian is involved in it. The reduction of food waste can be effectively facilitated by packaging. In other words, packaging and its functions play an important part in the food wastage. (Williams, Wikstrom, Otterbring, Lofgren Gustafsson, 2012) Application of Systems Thinking for Dealing with the Problem of Household Food Waste Various ways can be provided by System thinking for the purpose of dealing with the complexities of household food wastage problem. The adoption of system approach has an outstanding history of 50 years. A broader perspective is provided to various problems by systems approach for the purpose of finding out the interconnection among various levels (Higgins, 2014). The significance of conditions and circumstances is considered by a system approach along with the effect of such circumstances on at the time of implementation phase. A big impact can be resulted in one element due to small change in another while dealing with the wicked problems under systems approach (Pandey Kumar, 2016). The reduction of food loss and food wastage has gained enough important with its social, economic and environmental impacts becoming more clear. Food waste prevention approaches are often based on breaking down the system into its component parts and making attempts for addressing them individually (also known as reductionist approaches). A change is necessary at multiple levels by way of re- thinking the food system by making the use of a systems approach and a resource valuation perspective. Australia should make the household food waste problem as its national agenda. Adoption of systems thinking will require considering the short term and long term view of household food wastage. It will facilitate valuing of resources, specifically food. It will also require changing of mindset for sustainable behavior by considering environmental impact, social impact and resource efficiency i.e. planet, people and profit. Systems thinking further stresses on the need for conserving the resources to some extent. This in turn allows valuing the food along with the resources utilized for the purpose of producing the food. Also, it will help in utilizing the resources in an efficient and sustainable manner while keeping the focus on minimization of waste. The systems approach required the redesigning of the entire food system for achieving the ideal state. In other words, systems approach provides the idealized design in which resources are valued for achieving sustainable performance. This in turn recognizes the requirement for feeding billions of people by the year 2050 along with identifying that more strain is put on the resources across the globe due to increased income. The redesigning as a result of systems thinking significantly helps in minimizing waste and efficiently capturing and redirecting excess food. The systems approach will assist in creating awareness and education by way of changing the mindsets of consumers, individuals and government (Allen Prosperi, 2016). The raised awareness level will help in overcoming the discomfort caused as the communication related to food waste statistics will powerfully connect the audiences to environmental harm, hunger and wasted resources. Therefore, the systems approach will facilitate behavior change depending upon the awareness fueling desire for progressive action. Household food wastage is further minimized with the help of educating the customers. Such education will also help in recovering or distributing excess food from the households (The University of Vermont, 2014). Such education should be started early in schools which should explain the environmental issues associated with household food wastage, value of food products, etc. New programs should be initiated on food security and challenges associated with population. The mindset change facilitated by the systems approach should change the mindset of culture of abundance as it cannot be afforded by the society. A new compact is required between the food industry and the consumers. Operations should be changed for the purpose of donating or freezing the excess food for later or distribution to the needy. The liability fears should be overcome and steps should be taken for achieving food recovery. The systems approach also includes incentives for increasing the cost of food to landfill. Systematic thinking has been adopted in Australia which has significantly assisted in the sustainable management of food and reduction of waste. This has saved the money of consumers and has created a bridge in the communities for those who do not have sufficient to eat along with conserving resources for the future generations. It provides planning, storage, preparation and thriftiness tips for reducing household food wastage. It promotes the donation of untouched food to food banks which will help the needy people. Value creation is aimed from the food wastage along with the effective tracking of waste reduction (Department of Environment and Energy, 2017). Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that systems thinks plays an important role in dealing with the sustainability challenges (Sanneh, 2018). Australia suffered from the severe problem of household food waste which turn also leads to the wastage of resources such as fuel, water and fertilizers utilized for the purpose of growing that food. The adoption of systems thinking in Australia has led to sustainable management of food and reduction of waste by way of providing planning, storage, preparation and thriftiness tips for reducing household food wastage. References Allen, T. and Prosperi, P., 2016. Modeling sustainable food systems.Environmental management,57(5), pp.956-975. Arnold, R.D. and Wade, J.P., 2015. A definition of systems thinking: a systems approach.Procedia Computer Science,44, pp.669-678. Boardman, J. and Sauser, B. 2008. Systems Thinking: Coping with 21st Century Problems. CRC Press. Department of Environment and Energy. 2017. Working together to reduce food waste in Australia, [Online]. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/protection/national-waste-policy/publications/food-waste-factsheet [Accessed on: 9 April 2018]. Food Wise. 2012. Food Donation Tool Kit, [Online]. Available at: https://www.foodwise.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/DoSomething-Food-Donation-Toolkit.pdf [Accessed on: 9 April 2018]. Gharajedaghi, J. 2011. Systems Thinking: Managing Chaos and Complexity: A Platform for Designing Business Architecture. Elsevier. Hester, P. T. and Adams, K. M. 2014. Systemic Thinking: Fundamentals for Understanding Problems and Messes. Springer. Higgins, K. L. 2014. Economic Growth and Sustainability: Systems Thinking for a Complex World. Academic Press. Mella, P. 2012. Systems Thinking: Intelligence in Action. Springer Science Business Media. Pandey, A. and Kumar, A. 2016. System Thinking Approach to Deal with Sustainability Challenges, [Online]. Available at: https://socrd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/17BKK125-System-Thinking-Approach-to-Deal-with-Sustainability-Challenges.pdf [Accessed on: 9 April 2018]. Sanneh, E. S. 2018. Systems Thinking for Sustainable Development: Climate Change and the Environment. Springer. The University of Vermont. 2014. Introduction to Food Systems, [Online]. Available at: https://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/Intro_Food_Systems.pdf [Accessed on: 9 April 2018]. Williams, H., Wikstrom, F., Otterbring, T., Lofgren, M. and Gustafsson, A., 2012. Reasons for household food waste with special attention to packaging.Journal of Cleaner Production,24, pp.141-148. Xu, L., Marinova, D. and Guo, X., 2015. Resilience thinking: a renewed system approach for sustainability science.Sustainability Science,10(1), pp.123-138.

Management of Organisational Change at WMC - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management of Organisational Change at WMC. Answer: Introduction: The case study on WMC presents several appropriate leadership approaches and competencies during implementation of organisational changes in the company. Sofea founded the business as sole proprietorship where she showed her leadership competencies of leading human and financial resources to towards earning profits. Hayes (2014) Chapter 9 mentions that the apex management needs to initiate organisational changes. He points out those organisational changes help organisations to adapt to market conditions. These changes ensure that organisations can restructure their resources like human resources and capital structure according to the new conditions. Further, Battilana, Gilmartin, Sengul, Pache and Alexander (2010) implementation organisational changes call for two types of leadership approaches namely, task oriented skills and person-oriented skills. Task oriented skills of leadership approach according to them relate to the organisational structure, designing and control of resource s like the top managers and the junior employees. The leaders following this leadership approach emphasises on motivating and supporting their teams (Battilana et al. 2010). They interact with their subordinates and managers about the necessity to bring about organisational changes to adapt to the market situations. An analysis of the case of WMC shows that in initial stage the customers purchasing cotton and woollen fabric were satisfied with the strategy of providing high quality products at high prices. However, in the later stage during the leadership of Ryan and Mira the market situation changed due to entry of foreign producers of woollen and cotton producers who offered these products at low prices and compromised on their quality (Stoppa and Chiolerio 2014). The demand of the customers also changed and they were more concerned about obtaining low priced products of inferior quality. In fact, some of the firms were public limited companies like Walmart who were financially ve ry strong and could offer products at low price. WMC required to change its organisational model to compete with these low cost suppliers. However, the case study does not bear any evidence of Ryan and Mira communicating and motivating the managers about the need to change the model. Here it can be said they exhibit authoritative leadership styles because they wanted to bring about organisational changes without seeking cooperation from the employees. They expected the employees including the directors to cooperate with them without caring for their fear and insecurity regarding the change. Thus, it can be inferred that the leaders Ryan and Mira did not exhibit task oriented leadership skills of planning the organisational change and engaging their employees (Mohajeryami, Schwarz and Baboli 2015). Person oriented leadership skills comprise of the ability to establish a transparent communication with the stakeholders like employees in order to create an organisational climate supportive to the organisational changes. However, it can be pointed that in the case study of WMC, the owners Hana, Ryan and Mira do not exhibit these competencies. The case bears evidences, which show that these leaders consulted with the directors while they were planning to introduce large scale batch production process to export cotton and woollen products to China, Japan and Indonesia as well as to the other parts of the world (Nahavandi 2016). The case also points out that they did not consult with the directors regarding the needs to change the business models or discuss about ways to bring about those changes in the organisation. This lack of implementing change process and gaining employee support resulted in insecurity among the directors as they were uncertain about the future impacts of the ch anges. Moreover, the firm was suffering from insufficient human resources management and adoption of the new high technology sustainable production was supposed to render more employees jobless. This shows that Ryan and Mira lacked task oriented and person oriented skills to drive organisational changes (Lawrence and Weber 2014). Implementation of organisational changes and effectively using task and person oriented leadership approaches require certain competencies from the leaders. The first competency leaders should possess to drive changes in their organisations is the ability to communicate the need to bring about the changes to the employees. The leaders having this attribute consult with their employees to know about their fears and insecurities regarding the changes in the organisation (Franks et al. 2014). The case however does not bear any testimony showing Ryan and Mira holding meetings with their employees to discuss about the process of the change and the effect of it on employees. In fact it can be pointed that the employees feared losing their jobs due to adoption of sustainable and highly advanced techniques of production. This shows that Ryan and Mira lacked the leadership competency of communicating with employees to deal with their fears and motivate them to embrace the change. The next com petency the leaders are expected to have in order to drive the changes is the power to mobilise the resources including employees and capital to bring about the change (Palmer and Stoll 2014). The WMC case study shows that Ryan and Mira were successful to mobilise capital resources to acquire highly advanced sustainable production plants. However, they failed to mobilise the employees to embrace the change and in fact took no initiative to evaluate and address their fears. Thus, it can be said that Ryan and Mira were partly success in showing evaluation and mobilisation when it came to capital but failed to mobilise employees to implement the change (Azapagic et al. 2016). Hayes 2014 Chapter 16 describes that the apex management bodies of the organisation require to intervene to bring about organisational change effectively. The case study of WMC reveals that certain interventions are required to implement the organisational to sustainable large scale production. The following are the interventions needed to assist Ryan and Mira improve the effectiveness of the organisation: Listing on a stock exchange: The case study of WMC shows that at the later stage during the leadership of Ryan and Mira, the company started being threatened by the entry of companies like Walmart and Nike which are public limited company. These companies are public companies, which were able to acquire huge amount capital from the market by floating shares (Mohajeryami, Schwarz and Baboli 2015). This huge capital accounts for their mass production and selling of products, which allow them to reduce their cost of production. As a result, they can enter foreign markets like Malaysia and offer goods at low prices, thus giving the resident companies tough competition (Ahnet et al. 2014). The case study does not bear any evidence of WMC being listed and it appears it remains a sole proprietorship company with limited financial resources compared to Walmart. Thus, this sole proprietorship format of WMC should be intervened with a public limited company format and the company should get listed on a stock exchange (Pal mer and Stoll 2014). It appears from the case study that the organisational culture of WMC was not strong because there was marked lack of communication and understanding between the owners Ryan and Mira and the directors. The competition from the foreign low cost fabric producers had already resulted in reduction in the number of employees at WMC (Mohajeryami, Schwarz and Baboli 2015). The adoption of highly advanced and sustainable large-scale production technology created panic among the employees to lose jobs. This shows that though the firm had stable business relationship with its clients, its relationship with the employees had been breached. The employees were suffering from fear and insecurity due to the organisational change. Ryan and Mira did not involve the directors in all decision making activities related the business (Martins et al. 2016). This resulted in lack of cooperation from the directors towards the outcome of the change. Ryan and Mira should concentrate on mentoring and counsellin g the employees and assure them of job security due to the organisational change. They should establish a smooth flow of communication with the employees. This will strengthen the organisational culture and help the employees deal with their insecurities and fear regarding the change. This would enable the two owners to gain employee support to introduce the change in the organisation (Mohajeryami, Schwarz and Baboli 2015). Strengthening and expansion of supply chain: The case study points out that the firm, WMC was solely dependent on Australian suppliers to provide it with high quality wool and cotton. This dependence on Australia solely led to high cost of importing raw materials from the country. The owners of WMC, Ryan and Mira should expand their supply chain management and import wool and cotton from other countries as well (Ahnet et al. 2014). This expansion of supply chain would enable them to acquire raw materials from the producers offering them at the most economic rates. This would help them to lower their cost of production and allow them to offer the goods at lower prices. This, would result in enhanced competitiveness in the market against strong low cost producers like Nike (Monczka et al. 2015). Hayes (2014) Chapter 27 describes that organisations require forming strategies to sustain changes in them. The author states that the apex management and middle level managers should gain support from the lower level managers and executives. This would help them to enforce the changes more effectively in the organisations. WMC can sustain change by obtaining employee engagement to bring about the organisational change. The owners of the firm Ryan and Mire can follow the following steps to sustain the change in production process towards sustainability: Ryan and Mira should arrange for training the employees to train them to embrace the change. The change in WMC was related to adoption of highly advanced and sustainable production process. They should train the employees to operate the advanced production process. This will have two positive outcomes. First, the employees would be trained and become more efficient in using the modern technology which lead to increase in production. Secondly, it would prevent the employees from losing their jobs which would help the two owners to deal with employee insecurity (Morin et al. 2016). Motivating and communicating with the employees: The two owners Ryan and Mira should communicate with the employees about the need to embrace highly advanced technology in order to gain competitiveness in the market. They should communicate to the employees the positive outcomes of the change like increase in production and profitability. This would help the employees to get rid of their fears and insecurities. They would be motivated to participate in bring about the change and this would minimise the chances of conflict between the owners and employees. The owners should motivate the employees to work harder and reassure them about their job security(Cullen et al. 2014). This would have two long term positive outcomes. First, the providing job security to the employees would motivate the employees to achieve higher levels of productivity. This would result in higher production, which would allow the firm to lower its cost of production. Secondly, it owners would be able to form business strategies well in advance and allocate the employees according to those strategies. Thirdly, decrease in termination of employees would reduce employee turnover. This would help the company to save excess costs to acquire new human resources from the market and allocate more financial resources towards adoption of the sustainable technology and mass productivity facilities (Ahnet et al. 2014). The owners of WMC should identify the strategies and counter the problems like decrease of competitive advantage in the market by obtaining support from the important stakeholders like directors and employees. First, they should make the strategies to counteract the market capturing of strong competitors like Walmart from WMC. They should involve the directors and the top managers in making the strategies to increase the current level of production like motivating the employees and making them feel secure. Secondly, it appears from the case study that WMC did not emphasise on marketing its products aggressively and depended on its existing brand value to attract suppliers and distributors. The firm should form aggressive marketing strategies to attract new suppliers and distributors (Hornstein 2015). This would enable it to counteract the problem of limited supply and distribution chains. The first strategy would help the firm to enhance its production capacity. The second strategy w ould help the firm to choose from a large numbers of suppliers and purchase raw materials from the suppliers offering them at economic rates. The combined effect of these two strategies would enable the firm to lower its cost of production and yet maintain its high quality parameters (Hayes 2014). Large-scale marketing would allow the firms to acquire new customers, which would allow it to earn more profit. The third strategy would be acquiring more human resources and retaining its present employees. This would help the company to retaliate the problem of employee shortages which resulted in fall in productivity (Ahnet et al. 2014). The acquisition of advanced technology would lead to expansion in the production capacities of the employees. Retaining its existing human resources and acquiring more talent would allow the company to allocate its human resources to the new production facilities in advanced. This would result in low cost production due to increased productivity. It wou ld also help the firm to achieve sustainability and cost effectiveness (Kiboss 2015). It can reiterated that the owners Ryan and Mira should obtain support of the directors and the employees to successfully form and implement these strategies and counteract threats from powerful competitors like Walmart. References: Ahn, H.J., Cai, J., Hamao, Y. and Melvin, M., 2014. Little guys, liquidity, and the informational efficiency of price: Evidence from the Tokyo Stock Exchange on the effects of small investor participation.Pacific-Basin Finance Journal,29, pp.163-181. Azapagic, A., Stamford, L., Youds, L. and Barteczko-Hibbert, C., 2016. Towards sustainable production and consumption: A novel decision-support framework integrating economic, environmental and social sustainability (DESIRES).Computers Chemical Engineering,91, pp.93-103. Battilana, J., Gilmartin, M., Sengul, M., Pache, A.C. and Alexander, J.A., 2010. Leadership competencies for implementing planned organizational change.The Leadership Quarterly,21(3), pp.422-438. Cullen, K.L., Edwards, B.D., Casper, W.C. and Gue, K.R., 2014. Employees adaptability and perceptions of change-related uncertainty: Implications for perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and performance.Journal of Business and Psychology,29(2), pp.269-280. Franks, D.M., Davis, R., Bebbington, A.J., Ali, S.H., Kemp, D. and Scurrah, M., 2014. Conflict translates environmental and social risk into business costs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(21), pp.7576-7581. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Kiboss, E.V., 2014. Training Measures Used to Improve Employees Ability to Cope with Challenges Posed by New Advances in Technologies in North Rift Region Kenya.Journal of Human Resources,2(2), pp.243-263. Lawrence, A.T. and Weber, J., 2014.Business and society: Stakeholders, ethics, public policy. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Martins, C., Bispo, L., Campos, S., Moreira, T., Martins, R. and Vieira, M., 2016. Stress vulnerability: implications for teacher well-being and satisfaction.European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, pp.746-757. Mohajeryami, S., Schwarz, P. and Baboli, P.T., 2015, October. Including the behavioral aspects of customers in demand response model: Real time pricing versus peak time rebate. InNorth American Power Symposium (NAPS), 2015(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Morin, A.J., Meyer, J.P., Blanger, ., Boudrias, J.S., Gagn, M. and Parker, P.D., 2016. Longitudinal associations between employees beliefs about the quality of the change management process, affective commitment to change and psychological empowerment.human relations,69(3), pp.839-867. Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Palmer, D.E. and Stoll, M.L., 2014. Ethics in e-business: Emerging issues and enduring themes. InHandbook of strategic e-business management(pp. 865-887). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Stoppa, M. and Chiolerio, A., 2014. Wearable electronics and smart textiles: a critical review.Sensors,14(7), pp.11957-11992.